ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”: 14 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ๐Ÿ™‚

ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื

ืคืชื™ื— โ€“ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ

ืžืฉื ื” ยท ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ยท ืžืกื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ยท ืคืจืง ื” ยท ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื

ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื,
ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื ื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช,
ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืœืชืœืžื•ื“,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืœื—ื•ืคื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื—,
ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื ื”,
ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฆื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื–ืงื ื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื”,
ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—,
ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืช ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ Eric Hobsbawm ืงืจื ืœืžืื” ื”-19, 'ื”ืžืื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”', ืฉื›ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” – 1914, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.

ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ 'ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงืฆืจื”' ืฉืงืจื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ Ivรกn Berend ืœืžืื” ื”- 20. (ืคืืง! ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.)

ื’ื ืื ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืŸ? ืจื•ืื” ื‘- 1914 – 1989 ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช โ€“ 'ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื' (ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’.)

ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืžื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืื” ืขื’ื•ืœื”, Century, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•? ื”ืื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื™ื•ืช? ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืืกืชื˜ื™.

ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™

  • ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืงื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
    • ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ 'ืื™ืฉื™',
    • ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช.
  • ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช, ืœื ื›ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ืขึฒืฉื•ืจื™ืช.

ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™; ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื‘* ื‘ื•ืจืจ** ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ โ€“ ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชืžืžืฉื™ื, ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืžืฆืงื™ื โ€“ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืคืจื ืกื”, ืฉื™ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
* ืงื•ืคืฅ ืœืš, ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื? ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช?
ืื•ืœื™, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื ืจืœื•ื• ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื ื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.

** ื‘'ื‘ื•ืจืจื™ื' ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืชืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืžืขื• ืžื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžืฆืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.

ืขืฉื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™; ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™.
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืชืชืงื‘ืข ืœื”ืžืฉืš [โ€“ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœื™ืช ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื. (ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ. ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.)]

ืขืฉื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื‘ื•ืื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™; ืคืœืื˜ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ

ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืฉื•ืจ ื ื™ื ื•ื—. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื•, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฆืข ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื’'ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื™ื.

ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

"ื”ื—ื™ื™ื; ืงืฆืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืš"

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืขืจืฅ

ื“ืขื™ื›ื”. ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”. ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืงืช ืž'ื›ื‘ื•ื“' ืœืขื‘ืจ, ืœื ืžืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื ืื’ืจื”.

ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช; ืขื–ืจื”, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืื• ื›ืกื™ื•ืข, ืœื ื›ืžื”ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชืžืจื” ืฉืœ 'ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘', ืœ'ืžืฆื‘ โ€“ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™, ื‘ืš'.

ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืืฅ…,

ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ืœื•ืงื”

ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื• ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ึพืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื

ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื:

  1. ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืงืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ืœืช ื›ืœืœื™ื,
  2. ื‘ืื—ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื•.

ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื” ื’ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื’;
ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ื—ื•ืชืจื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ึฐึผืืœื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืกื“ืจ (ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื•).

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืกื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ืจ.

ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœ(ื›ืžืขื˜) ื›ืœ. ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื› โ€“ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืข โ€“ ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช, ืžืชื‘ื“ืจ, ืขื“ ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื, ื•ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืงืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.

ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืชืŸ ืœืกื•ืคืŸ, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช

ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื˜ืขื”; ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช', ื›ื“ืื™, ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.

ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™, ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.

ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช

ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื”.

ื›ื ื™ืกืชื™

"ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•- 10% ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข." ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืจืฅ.

ื›ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘'ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช 'ืžื” ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื ืื• ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช?'
ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ื›ื”ืชื ื™ื” ื˜ืจื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื—ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืฉื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, "ื™ืืœืœื”, ืœื–ืจื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ. ื ืกืชื“ืจ."

ื›ืขืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™, [ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง? 'ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืื“ื…'] ืฉืื›ื ื•ืก ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื™, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” โ€“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื”ืจึถื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืงืจื•ืช, ืคืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืœืข ืœื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืื™ืŸ, ืื• ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ืชืงืœื•ืช.

ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืฉื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืกื•ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืคืืŸ โ€“ ืžื™ืœื.

ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช; ืžืฆืขืจืช, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื; ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืืกืช, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”. ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืžื™ืช. ืชื•ืฆืืชื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื•ืช. ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชื“ื—ื”, ืชืฆืžืฆื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื™ื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•. ืื•ืœื™.

ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ.
ืœื ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—.
ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืฆื‘ ืืคืฉืจื™.
ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฆืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.

ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง, ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืขื”?

ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื

ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื“ืจื•ืช, ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ืจื‘ื˜ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืชื™, ื‘ื ื™, ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื™, ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืžื™ ืœื ืžื”ืžื—ืคืคื™ื. ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ืคืคื• ื•ื—ื™ืคื•) โ€“ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื˜ึฐืจึธื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึธืจึทื” ืžืขื™ืง ืืš ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ึผึทื ึถื˜ื• ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืคื™.

ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืคื–ืจ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื‘? ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–?) ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ, ืขื ื”ื—ืคื™ืฃ.

ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฆืจืš ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื”; ื”ื‘ืืกื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“. ืกื‘ืจืชื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช, ืืš ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ1 ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืงืŸ ืชื™ืขืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืฉ'ืืกืชื“ืจ' ืœื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื’ื ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช2 ืžืขืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช3, ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื4, 5, 6, ื›ืขืช โ€“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืชืงืœื•ืช, ืืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชื โ€“ ืžืื™ืŸ.

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืกื“ืง โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื™, ืฉืืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืชืงืœื”. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืขื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืžืขื™ืงื”, ืชืกืคื™ืง. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžืคื’ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช.

ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืขืœ ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืžื ืข, ืžื” ืœื•ืงื— ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ, ืžื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืืฉื›ื—, ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืžืฆ'ืขืžื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš.

ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื’ื ืื ืืชืืจื’ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืืงืฆื” ืœื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช, ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ, ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื ืกื™ื’ื” โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืคืชืจื•ืช, ื ืขืจืžื•ืช.

ื›ืื‘ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” โ€“ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ืžืืžื™ืจ, ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช โ€“ ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžืžืื™ืจ.

ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžึฐืงึธืœึถืฃ; ื”ืฉืœืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืจื˜ืชื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืกืจืชื™ (ืขื•ื“) ื˜ืจื”, ื”ืฉืจืชื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื’ื—ืžื•ืช, ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื’ื™ืœื—ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคื™ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™.

ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืื™ืœื•ืฅ, ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ืจื—, ื•-ื’ื ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.

ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ? ื”ื›ืจื”

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืฆืจื” ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ืจืฆืช.

ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชืคื™ืฉืช ืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจโ€“ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.

ืœืš ืœื 'ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืœืฉืงืจ, ืœืขืฆืžื™ โ€“ ืœื.

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื—ื–ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื”ืœ, ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš 'ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ'.

ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจืืฉ (ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช) ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืœืžืงืกื, ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ื•ืช, ืœืชืงืฉืจ, ืœื”ืชืคื›ื— ื•ืœื ืกื—.


1 ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืช"ืค ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ. ืื™ื›ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.

ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืžื”, ืžื” ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืืžืช?) ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜, ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืžื’ื•ื ื“ืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ืช ืื—ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ, ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ื”ืื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”, ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื” ืื• ืฉื•ืงื˜ืช.

ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื ื• โ€“ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืคืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืื– ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืื”.
ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ (ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ) ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง. ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืš ื–ืžื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื, ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื–ืžื ื• ื ืจืฉื, ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื•. ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชื ื—ืžืชื™, ืœื ื›ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง โ€“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื”ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข

cool

.


2 ื”ืคืขืœืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืืจ(ื™), ืืœื ืžื”ื•ืชื ื™.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืžืชืืคืง ื˜ื•-ื ื™ื™ื-ื-ืคื™ื• ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉืื– ื ืจืื• ืœื™ 'ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืืก' ื›ืžื• ืฉืื‘ื™ ืงืจื ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžื™ ืžืžื›ืจื™ื™ ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืš.


3 ื‘ืŸ 24, ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ื ื”ื’, ืœื‘ื“, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ 53 ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ืง ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืจืค ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉื ื—ื ืชื” โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืจืงืกื™ื ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื.


4 ื‘ืคืจื• ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืžืœื“ื•ื ื“ื•, ืคืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืงืฆ'ื•ืื” (ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื). ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจืง ืงืฆ'ื•ืื”, ืžืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฅ ื“ื•ืจืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื” (ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื ืฆืฃ ืืœื ืžืจื—ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื) ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืœื–ื” ื”ืงืœื™ื, ื‘- 18 ืง"ืž ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžื™ื ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.


5 ื‘- 1988 ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื˜ื•ืก. ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ืื™ืœืฆืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืกื•ืœื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื—ื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ืช.
ื ื—ืชืชื™. ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ โ€“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” โ€“ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืงืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื. oh yeah, ื—ื ื™ืชื™, ืงืฉืจืชื™. ื ืžืœื˜ืชื™.


6 ื‘- 2008-15 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉื:

'ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•. ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ KLR 650, ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก.'
ืื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืขืจืฅ ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.

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2 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื “ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช”

  1. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืคื— ืืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื• ืืชื” ื”ื•ื•ื”. ืงื˜ื•ื ืชื™ ืื‘ืœ ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืœืš ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ืช/ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช /ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช? ืืฉืžื— ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืชืš

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